Urban+China

= The Female Orgasm in China =

What has changed?
toc Mainstream/Dominant → there is access → Sexual Revolution

Partly due to increase of Western influence (music, films, etc.) and contacts but it is also due to the breaking up of the traditional Chinese extended family, the population movement from the countryside to the cities, the change to living in small nuclear families in urban apartments, and the resulting loss of social control

As a collectivist society, the Chinese emphasize interpersonal bonds and have a greater awareness of, and responsiveness to, the needs of others

Being deeply rooted in a traditionally male-centred culture, the government has often failed to view women's needs and interests as prime policy goals, and hence its efforts have tended to be insufficient

Chinese sexuality was traditionally based on Confucian and Taoist philosophies, which viewed sex for pleasure as detrimental to social order and personal health

Some of these tendencies were intensified when China’s post-1949 socialist government strictly regulated sexual behavior (e.g., tight control over prostitution, promotion of monogamous marriage, and restraints on divorce)

Sex education continues to be limited as "many Chinese people still hold the folk view that sexual desire and activity need to be carefully regulated, otherwise it will be harmful to your health"

Study with Urban Residents in Beijing
Definition of orgasm - researchers defined it for participants
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Results
Chinese women were less satisfied than men with their sex life. Men and women differed more consistently on sexual knowledge and value items. Women were less likely than men to believe that women and men should be equal in sex (65% vs. 80%) or to identify the clitoris Women were more likely than men to report that their partner provided insufficient affection, never kissed during sex, and had extramarital sex

Reasons
Increased consciousness about what they deserve out of sex (through education) may arguably have caused some women to report less perceived partner affection and sexual satisfaction This interpretation is consistent with the finding that education and permissive sexual values reduced satisfaction Particularly for women, greater education reduced reports of perceived partner affection and more permissive sex values reduced reported orgasms Increased education and more permissive sex values = increase variety of sexual practices = raise expectations in ways that make one more critical of current sexual practices Men/relationship quality/orgasm = female partner was physically attractive or suspected of an extramarital affair Women/relationship quality/orgasm = sharing of chores, absence of hitting, and affection

=References=

Higgins, L., Zheng, M., Liu, Y., & Sun, C. (2002). Attitudes to marriage and sexual behaviors: A survey of gender and culture differences in china and united kingdom. Sex Roles,46, 75-89.

Parish, W., Luo, Y., Stolzenberg, R., Laumann, E., Farrer, G., & Pan, S. (2006). Sexual practices and sexual satisfaction: A population based study of chinese urban adults. Arch Sex Behav Archives of Sexual Behavior,36, 5-20.